不同配比南极磷虾粉饲料对网箱养殖俄罗斯鲟生长及氟累积的影响

配制南极磷虾粉替代饲料中鱼粉比例分别为0%、10%、20%、30%的4组饲料饲喂俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)200 d后,分析南极磷虾粉替代部分鱼粉对网箱养殖俄罗斯鲟生长和鱼体组织氟残留的影响。结果表明:(1)随着南极磷虾粉替代比例的升高,俄罗斯鲟的末重、增重、特定生长率、蛋白质效率先上升后下降,饲料系数先降低后升高,10%组显著高于对照组和其它试验组(P0.05);(2)实验结束时,俄罗斯鲟肌肉、肝脏和鱼鳔的氟浓度低于检测限,但鳃、皮、脊骨和背骨呈现剂量浓度效应,各试验组较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,在俄罗斯鲟饲料中加入10%比例的南极磷虾粉时获得最佳生长效果和较低的组织氟累积。     

Ecological implications of motor oil pollution: Earthworm survival and soil health

The nontarget effects of fresh and used motor oil were studied in a soil test system involving such criteria as earthworm survival, response of soil dehydrogenase and urease, and nitrification. When earthworms were exposed to motor oil-contaminated soil for 4 weeks, the observed median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were 40.33 and 3.88 g kg⁻¹ soil for fresh and used oil, respectively. Only fresh motor oil application increased earthworms' body weight even at the higher dose of 19 g kg⁻¹ soil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that used motor oil contained more of aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals than fresh oil. This disparity in the chemical composition might be the factor responsible for the significant toxicity of used motor oil towards earthworms. Activities of soil dehydrogenase and urease were significantly enhanced in presence of both the motor oils, while there was a significant inhibition in nitrification by the used motor oil even at a low concentration of 0.2 g kg⁻¹ soil. This study clearly demonstrated that earthworm survival and nitrification could serve as suitable indices to assess motor oil pollution in soil.     

Research on the Antioxident Function of Sulforaphane on the Leydig Cells of Cadmium Exposured Mice

The study was aimed to explore the antioxident function of sulforaphane (SFN) on the leydig cells of cadmium (Cd) exposured mice.Cd and SFN were added to the cell culture medium of TM3 cell, half inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of Cd and SFN safe dose range were determined.The tested model was set up,and the relative survival rate of TM3 cells, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and cell antioxidant levels were determined to study the antioxident function of SFN to cadmium exposured mice.The results showed that:①With the increase of Cd concentration,the relative survival rate of TM3 cells was decreased,and the IC₅₀ of Cd was 51.4 μmol/L;Within a certain concentration range,SFN could increased the cells survive rate,but there was toxicity when the SFN concentration was more than the scope,and the greater the concentration,the greater the toxicity. At experimental condition,SFN safety concentration were 2.5,5 and 10 μmol/L.②Compared with the control group,the GSH content,the T-SOD and GSH-Px activities in Cd group were significantly or extremely significantly decreased (P < 0.05;P < 0.01),and the LDH activity,the MDA content were increased.Additionally,the LDH activity and MDA content of SFN groups were decreased,while others three indexes were increased. Compared with Cd group,the GSH content,the T-SOD and GSH-Px activities of Cd+SFN groups were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P < 0.05;P < 0.01),however,the LDH activity,MDA content were decreased. The result indicated that SFN had the antagonism effect on toxicity of Cd in TM3 cell.     

淮北地区氮肥群体最高生产力水稻钾素吸收利用特征

以淮北地区有代表性的34个中熟中粳品种为试材,设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm~(–2)),得出各品种的最高产量,将该最高产量定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。在此基础上,明确处于顶层水平(≥10.50 t hm~(–2))、高层水平(9.75~10.50 t hm~(–2))、中层水平(9.00~9.75 t hm~(–2))和底层水平(≤9.00 t hm~(–2))水稻品种的钾素积累、分配及转运特征。结果表明,4个生产力等级水稻品种地上部植株、茎鞘和叶片的含钾率在拔节期最高;抽穗期顶层水平品种的这3个参数高于其他3个等级的品种;穗部含钾率差异不显著。随着氮肥群体生产力等级的提高,钾素总积累量增多;拔节前底层水平钾素积累量最多,两年平均为120.56 kg hm~(–2),比例占50.56%,顶层水平为最少,两年平均为108.02 kg hm~(–2),比例占35.99%;拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期顶层水平钾素阶段积累量及比例显著高于其他3个等级。移栽至拔节期,钾素积累速率为中层底层高层顶层水平,拔节后则为顶层高层中层底层水平。叶片的钾素转运量及转运率明显高于茎鞘;顶层水平叶片的钾素转运量高于其他3个等级,高层水平叶片的转运率最高;穗部增加量随生产力等级的递增而变大;抽穗到成熟期,茎鞘、叶片对穗的钾素转运贡献率表现为底层最高,中层次之,顶层最低。4个等级水稻品种籽粒生产率和百千克籽粒吸钾量差异不显著;钾素偏生产力和钾收获指数均表现为顶层高层中层底层水平。总之,氮肥群体最高生产力越高,水稻中后期植株钾素积累量及器官对钾素的吸收利用效率越显著。抽穗后保持较高的钾素吸收利用及转运效率是高产水稻品种的重要特征。     

不同基追肥比例对湖南省双季稻产量及干物质积累的影响

为探究不同基追肥比例对湖南省双季稻产量及干物质积累的影响,以‘湘早籼32号’和‘中嘉早17’为早稻供试品种,‘湘晚籼12号’和‘五优308’为晚稻供试品种,设置6种不同施肥比例(T1~T6)与1个不施肥处理(T7)。研究结果表明:施肥能有效提高水稻产量,比不施肥增产16.07%~91.33%。早稻‘中嘉早17’以基追肥比例8:2:0:0产量最高,为7497.00 kg/hm~2,晚稻‘五优308’以基追肥比例6:2:2:0产量最高,为9387.90 kg/hm~2;早晚稻的干物质积累量均以基追肥比例4:3:3:0较高,是一种有利于干物质积累的施肥方式,前轻后重的施肥方式茎秆重、叶片重、穗重显著低于其他处理,基追肥比例0:5:3:2的根系重与茎秆重分别比其他施肥处理少9.72%~63.84%和6.42%~27.82%,表明肥料后移会减少水稻干物质的积累。因此,在湖南地区重施基蘖肥可促进早稻分蘖的发生,晚稻在重施基蘖肥的基础上适当配施穗肥可增加单位面积颖花数、提高结实率,以此获得双季稻的高产。     

X射线荧光光谱法快速检测原料公干鱼中的镉

旨在建立一种基于X射线荧光光谱法快速检测原料公干鱼(原料鱼)中镉的方法。应用X射线荧光光谱法快速检测原料鱼初始样及干燥样中的镉含量,对快速检测与标准检测结果的相关性进行了分析;考察了对原料鱼进行快速干燥处理的可行性;采用原料鱼的标准测定值对X射线荧光光谱仪进行校正后,考察了快速检测方法的精密度、检测限、准确度等性能参数。结果表明:X射线荧光光谱法能准确测定原料鱼干燥样中的镉,检测限达0.088 mg/kg,线性范围为0.088~1.286 mg/kg,相对标准偏差低于10%。该快速检测方法测定单个样品只需40 min左右,可满足现场对原料鱼中镉的快速测定要求,为防控原料鱼食品中镉超标风险提供了一种高效的筛查手段。     

“6?13”强冰雹天气雷达特征分析及对农业的影响

为了找寻冰雹天气发生的原因及对农业的影响，利用多普勒雷达的反射率因子、径向速度、垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)等产品，结合高低空环流形势及地面资料，对发生在长治市2016 年6 月13 日的强冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明：（1）此次冰雹天气是由高空冷槽和与地面暖低压共同作用结果；（2）强回波与三体散射(TBSS)对提前预报强冰雹有较好的指示意义；速度场的辐合辐散可以判断回波未来发展趋势，增强预判准确性；当TBSS出现一定的持续性时，TBSS可以作为强冰雹预警的辅助指标；VIL是判别冰雹的有效工具之一，且对冰雹的预报有较好的指示作用；（3）加强冰雹监测，通过及时的“点”监测，实现“面”预警，是减少冰雹对农业生产造成灾害的一种有效的补充手段。     

6种钝化剂对糙米镉含量及镉在水稻中的转移和富集的影响

旨在为合理使用钝化剂及水稻糙米镉(Cd)含量与Cd在水稻体内富集和转移的关系提供一定的理论依据。从6种钝化剂中筛选出能够抑制糙米Cd积累的材料,通过对不同超标程度水稻组的产量、糙米Cd含量、各个器官对Cd的富集系数和转移系数进行统计分析,探讨不同钝化剂对Cd在水稻体内转移和富集的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,低、中浓度C材料和FA材料能够降低糙米中Cd浓度;FB材料和中、高浓度FD材料会促使糙米中Cd的积累。水稻各器官对Cd富集能力,无超标水稻为根茎米叶糠,超标水稻为根茎米糠叶;Cd向糙米的转移途径中,在不超标水稻组中糠—米的转移能力最强,在超标水稻组中叶—米的转移能力最强。     

外源硒处理对优质地方水稻品种产量及稻米硒氮磷钾含量的影响

旨在研究外源硒处理对不同类型优质地方常规稻产量及硒氮磷钾含量的影响。以籼稻品种(‘泰选1号’)和粳稻品种(‘粳选1号’)为材料,采用完全随机设计,于较高海拔山区试验田(800 m以上)进行不同浓度硒处理试验。结果表明:施用外源硒处理后不会降低两个品种的稻谷产量;随外施硒浓度的提高,两个水稻品种精米及米糠硒含量均显著提高,粳稻品种在0~15 g/hm2外源硒浓度范围内随硒浓度的增加,精米中硒含量的增加率呈较高的线性模式增长;而高浓度硒处理下,粳稻精米率、整精米率显著降低;随外施硒浓度的增加,水稻精米中氮钾元素含量与硒含量从极显著正相关变为极显著负相关。在硒浓度较低的环境下,适当增加氮、钾肥的施用量能促进水稻对硒元素的吸收积累,高浓度反之。因此,对优质地方常规稻外施硒以提高品质与硒元素积累的研究是可行的。     

镉-钙交互作用对植物的生态学效应

镉(Cd)由于其高毒性和易迁移的特点成为环境中最重要的有毒重金属之一,钙(Ca)作为植物必需元素,参与植物细胞代谢的调节和信号转导。为了明晰植物中Cd和Ca交互作用的机理,并有效的利用二者之间的相互关系,为重金属污染土壤的防治提供理论基础。笔者在广泛查阅了国内外研究和文献的基础上,总结了镉-钙交互作用对植物生态学效应为:(1)在植物的吸收过程中,Cd和Ca存在拮抗关系。一方面Cd和能抑制植物对Ca的吸收,使植物的生长受限;另外一方面Ca能抑制植物对Cd的吸收来缓解镉毒害。(2)施加外源Ca能够促进Cd毒害下植物的生长和光合色素的合成。(3)在调节抗氧化酶活性过程中,施加外源钙能够增强植物的抗氧化酶活性来降低氧化损伤。因此,镉钙交互作用下对植物生长、光合色素、抗氧化酶活性的影响过程中均存在拮抗作用。